Read this if you…
- love Rome and Egypt and Shakespeare
- like the idea of love affairs ruining political ambitions
Skip this if you…
- aren't willing to go slow, read notes, look up analyses of famous passages (only way to "get" shakespeare)
- foolishly think shakespeare is overrated
Why It Matters
The greatest play about how passion and politics wreck each other. Cleopatra is one of the most complicated women in all of drama, and the play's huge, sprawling structure mirrors the empires falling apart inside it. This is Shakespeare working at full strength.
The lineage through Antony and Cleopatra
- Plutarch's Lives by Plutarch. Antony and Cleopatra built on it. - *Antony and Cleopatra* is built directly on Plutarch's *Life of Antony*, read through Sir Thomas North's 1579 English - The shimmering 'barge she sat in' set-piece — silver oars, purple sails, the wind made lovesick — is North's prose lightly lineated into Shakespeare's verse - Read the *Life* and you watch the raw material become poetry almost phrase by phrase
- The Aeneid by Virgil. Antony and Cleopatra built on it. - Antony invokes it by name — "Dido and her Aeneas" — so Shakespeare hands you the source himself - *Antony and Cleopatra* is the *Aeneid* answered back: Aeneas leaves the queen for Rome, Antony chooses the queen over it, and Cleopatra's dying vision rewrites the lovers' afterlife reunion - The Rome-versus-foreign-queen tragedy was Virgil's frame first; reading him reveals exactly what Shakespeare is inverting
Depicted in Art
Cleopatra drops a pearl earring into a goblet of vinegar at a lavish banquet table, watched by Antony and attendants in Venetian dress.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1744
Antony disembarks to greet Cleopatra at Tarsus; she stands crowned and ceremonial as he bows, courtiers and dwarfs flanking the steps.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1747
Roman war galleys clash under cannon smoke; Cleopatra's ornate barge in the foreground, arms outstretched in despair as the battle is lost.
Lorenzo A. Castro, 1672
Cleopatra collapses across the dead Antony's body, the asp at her breast; an attendant lifts her head as Roman soldiers approach.
Alessandro Turchi, 1640
Cleopatra reclines beneath the awning of her gilded barge, scattered rose petals around her, as Antony steps aboard parting the curtain.
Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1883
Cleopatra slumps semi-nude on her throne, eyes rolling back, the asp coiling at her breast; weeping attendants crowd around her.
Guido Cagnacci, 1660
Cleopatra sits on a low throne in a gauzy gown, head turned in cool sidelong scrutiny, hands gripping the lion-headed armrests.
John William Waterhouse, 1888
The dying Antony is carried in by attendants and lowered before the standing Cleopatra in her monument; she reaches for him in horror.
Eugene-Ernest Hillemacher
Recommended Editions

Folger Shakespeare Library
2004
Folger's the readable one. Text on one page, notes on the facing page, written in plain English instead of textbook-speak. Catches every word and reference you'd otherwise google, without breaking the scene to do it.
Please support us by purchasing through these links, at no extra cost to you!
Deep Dive
What It's About
This summary gives away plot details.
Notable Quotes
“Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety.”
“Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety: other women cloy The appetites they feed: but she makes hungry Where most she satisfies.”
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